Observing Teachers' Instrumental Pedagogical Orchestration in Synchronous Online Learning: A Multimodal Grid Based on Videoconferencing Traces
This study addresses the lack of systematic multimodal analytical approaches in synchronous online teaching. Integrating instructional orchestration theory, a multimodal interaction framework, and the data affordances of video conferencing platforms, it proposes the first reproducible, prioritized multimodal observation schema specifically designed for synchronous online classrooms. The schema encompasses observable instructor behaviors such as gestures, posture, gaze, and digital tool usage. The resulting structured observation grid not only fills a critical methodological gap in the field but also provides a practical and actionable analytical framework for future empirical research on online teaching practices.