Optimizing Earth Observation Satellite Schedules under Unknown Operational Constraints: An Active Constraint Acquisition Approach
This study addresses the challenge of scheduling Earth observation satellites under numerous operational constraints—such as revisit intervals, power consumption, and thermal limits—that are often not explicitly modeled. Traditional approaches are limited by their reliance on complete prior knowledge of all constraints. To overcome this, the work proposes an interactive framework that integrates active constraint learning with optimization, operating in a setting where the objective function is known but constraints are not. Leveraging a binary feasibility oracle and a domain-specific Conservative Constraint Acquisition (CCA) strategy, the method efficiently identifies critical constraints without over-constraining the problem. The approach alternates between a CP-SAT solver and high-fidelity simulation for iterative refinement. Experiments on 50-task instances demonstrate a 78% reduction in oracle queries, a fivefold speedup in runtime, and improved solution quality—reducing the optimality gap to 17.9% compared to 20.3% for a two-stage baseline.