Modular-CAPA-Based Communication Systems: Joint Activation and Beamforming Design

2026-07-16

AI Summary

This study addresses the spectral efficiency optimization of modular contiguous aperture phased array (CAPA) systems under constraints on the number of activated sub-arrays and total transmit power. For the first time, the joint design of sub-CAPA activation and beamforming is formulated as a mixed-integer nonconvex optimization problem. An optimal solution algorithm based on branch-and-bound is proposed, complemented by a low-complexity activation strategy informed by spatial bandwidth characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that partial activation significantly outperforms adjacent activation schemes; the proposed optimal algorithm achieves higher spectral efficiency than existing benchmarks; and the spatial bandwidth-aware strategy effectively balances performance and computational complexity.

Abstract

A modular continuous aperture array (CAPA)-based multi-user communication system is investigated, where only a portion of the aperture, namely sub-CAPAs, is activated to serve users. The signal model for the proposed modular CAPA is first introduced. Based on this model, a spectral efficiency (SE) maximization problem is formulated to jointly optimize the sub-CAPA activation and beamforming, subject to constraints on the limited number of active sub-CAPAs and the total transmit power. To address the resulting mixed-integer optimization problem, a branch-and-bound (B&B)-based algorithm is first proposed for optimal sub-CAPA activation and beamforming design. After that, the spatial bandwidth of the modular CAPA under partial activation is analyzed. The analysis reveals that a modular CAPA with partial sub-CAPAs activated could achieve a maximum spatial bandwidth comparable to that of a conventional CAPA. Motivated by this insight, a low-complexity spatial bandwidth-aware sub-CAPA activation scheme is further proposed. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that i) modular CAPA architectures with partial activation can consistently achieve greater performance gains than adjacent CAPA activations; ii) the proposed B&B scheme outperforms all benchmark schemes in terms of SE; and iii) the proposed spatial bandwidth-aware scheme provides an attractive performance-complexity tradeoff compared with the proposed B&B-based algorithm.

Problem

• modular CAPA
• sub-CAPA activation
• beamforming
• spectral efficiency maximization
• spatial bandwidth

Innovation

• modular CAPA
• sub-CAPA activation
• beamforming design
• spatial bandwidth
• branch-and-bound algorithm