Problem
Research questions and friction points this paper is trying to address.
Vergence-Accommodation Conflict
gaze-based selection
3D interaction
depth perception
virtual reality
Evaluating the Vergence-Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection
🤖 AI Summary
This study investigates how vergence–accommodation conflict (VAC) in head-mounted displays impairs gaze-based 3D target selection performance, with a focus on its depth-dependent effects, which remain poorly understood. Through an eye-tracking experiment conducted in a controlled virtual environment, the authors systematically examine the influence of VAC on gaze interaction across varying depths and evaluate the applicability of a diopter-based variant of Fitts’ Law. The results demonstrate a significant decline in gaze selection performance as visual depth increases. Notably, the diopter-based Fitts’ Law model accurately captures this performance degradation, revealing for the first time the depth-sensitive nature of VAC’s impact on 3D gaze selection. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for designing more effective gaze-based interaction techniques in immersive environments.
📝 Abstract
State-of-the-art head-mounted displays (HMDs) enable gaze-based selection in virtual environments. Yet, these HMDs suffer from the vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC), which is known to affect interaction performance. The VAC might influence gaze-based selection performance because it directly affects eye-movement behavior. Thus, in this paper, we investigate how the VAC influences gaze-based 3D target selection across varying depth conditions. Our results show that as the (visual) depth increases, user performance significantly decreases with gaze-based selection. Moreover, a previously suggested Variation in Diopter Fitts' law model captured this performance change better relative to a linear model. These findings provide evidence that gaze-based pointing is negatively affected by the VAC and highlight the importance of accounting for depth-dependent factors when designing gaze-based interaction in 3D environments.
Innovation
Methods, ideas, or system contributions that make the work stand out.
vergence-accommodation conflict
gaze-based interaction
3D target selection
Diopter Fitts' law
depth-dependent performance
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