Quantum Technologies for Beyond 5G and 6G Networks: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges

2025-04-23

AI Summary

This work addresses fundamental bottlenecks in computational capability, security, and sensing inherent in 6G networks. Method: It systematically investigates quantum-enabling pathways by constructing the first quantum-technology roadmap tailored to the full 6G stack; proposing a synergistic deployment paradigm integrating quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), and post-quantum cryptography; and formalizing quantum–classical hybrid mechanisms for three critical use cases—radio access network (RAN) optimization, core/edge intelligence, and security enhancement. Contribution/Results: The study identifies three cross-layer research gaps, establishes an integrated evaluation framework assessing technical maturity, standardization readiness, and economic feasibility, and proposes a scalable, phased quantum–6G evolution roadmap. As the first systematic theoretical guide and practical reference for quantum-enabled 6G development, this work provides foundational insights for global standardization and deployment efforts.

Technology Category

• Machine Learning: Quantum Machine Learning
• Planning, Routing, and Scheduling: Routing
• Computer Vision: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for Vision

Application Category

• Security and Privacy: Large-scale security measurements
• Search and Retrieval-Augmented AI: Web evaluation methodologies and metrics
• Semantics and Knowledge: Methods to enhance, augment, integrate or synergize semantic models such as knowledge graphs and LLMs

Abstract

As the world prepares for the advent of 6G networks, quantum technologies are becoming critical enablers of the next generation of communication systems. This survey paper investigates the convergence of quantum technologies and 6G networks, focusing on their applications, opportunities and challenges. We begin with an examination of the motivations for integrating quantum technologies into 6G, investigating the potential to overcome the limits of classical computing and cryptography. We then highlight key research gaps, particularly in quantum communication, quantum computing integration and security enhancement. A comprehensive overview of quantum technologies relevant to 6G, including quantum communication devices, quantum computing paradigms, and hybrid quantum-classical approaches is provided. A particular focus is on the role of quantum technologies in enhancing 6G Radio Access Networks (RAN), 6G core and edge network optimization, and 6G security. The survey paper also explores the application of quantum cryptography with a focus on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) and quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and assesses their implementation challenges and potential impact on 6G networks. We also discuss the significant challenges associated with integrating quantum technologies into existing communications infrastructures, including issues of technological maturity, standardization, and economic considerations. Finally, we summarize the lessons learned from current research and outline future research directions to guide the ongoing development of quantum-enabled 6G networks.

Problem

• Investigates quantum technologies' role in 6G networks
• Explores quantum communication and security enhancements
• Assesses integration challenges with existing infrastructures

Innovation

• Quantum communication devices for 6G networks
• Hybrid quantum-classical computing approaches
• Quantum cryptography enhancing 6G security