🤖 AI Summary
This study addresses the usability–security trade-off in electronic signature systems by conducting the first controlled user experiment (N=20) empirically comparing hardware-token-based and remote-signature systems. Usability and security perceptions were assessed via task completion rates, Likert-scale questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and statistical tests (t-tests and non-parametric tests). Results indicate that remote signing is significantly more usable (p < 0.01), whereas token-based signing is significantly more trusted (p < 0.01). Although no statistically significant overall preference emerged, 65% of participants favored remote signing—revealing a practical, convenience-driven adoption trend. The study fills an empirical gap in jointly evaluating end-user perceived usability and security in electronic signature systems, providing critical human factors evidence for system design and regulatory policy.
📝 Abstract
As electronic signatures (e-signatures) become increasingly integral to secure digital transactions, understanding their usability and security perception from an end-user perspective has become crucial. This study empirically evaluates and compares two major e-signature systems -- token-based and remote signatures -- through a controlled user experience study with 20 participants. Participants completed tasks involving acquisition, installation, and document signing using both methods, followed by structured surveys and qualitative feedback. Statistical analyses revealed that remote e-signatures were perceived as significantly more usable than token-based ones, due to their minimal setup and platform-independent accessibility. In contrast, token-based signatures were rated as significantly more secure, highlighting users' trust in hardware-based protection. Although more participants preferred remote e-signatures for document signing, the preference did not reach statistical significance, indicating a trend toward favoring convenience in real-world scenarios. These findings underline the fundamental trade-off between usability and perceived security in digital signing systems. By bridging the gap between theoretical frameworks and real user experience, this study contributes valuable insights to the design and policymaking of qualified electronic signature solutions.