🤖 AI Summary
本文针对未控制混杂因素导致的偏差问题，提出了一种仅需两个参数即可估算风险差异偏差上下界的方法，适用于其中一个必要参数缺失的情况。
📝 Abstract
Bias due to uncontrolled confounding can be analyzed using several external adjustment formulas. Like other bias expressions, the risk difference bias formula involving an uncontrolled polytomous confounder requires only three externally obtainable parameters: confounder prevalences among the exposed and unexposed and the confounder-outcome risk difference. This paper presents two-parameter bounds on the risk difference bias expression when only one of the three required bias parameters is unavailable. Each bound is sharp over the full range of the unknown parameter. Some numerical examples with graphs are provided.