Eternal Vertex Cover Problem on Halin Graphs

2026-07-25

AI Summary

This study addresses the eternal vertex cover problem on Halin graphs, focusing on the ratio ρ between the minimum number of guards required for dynamic defense and the size of a classical minimum vertex cover. For 3-connected Halin graphs of treewidth 3, the authors establish the first nontrivial bounds within any biconnected graph class: 7/6 ≤ ρ ≤ 3/2. These bounds are achieved through the construction of specific graph families and the design of two distinct defense strategies. The paper further demonstrates that certain subclasses, such as caterpillar-like Halin graphs, attain ρ = 4/3. A 1.5-approximation algorithm is proposed to effectively approach the upper bound, and a family of graphs is constructed for which ρ approaches 7/6, thereby proving that the ratio strictly lies between 1 and 2.

Abstract

Eternal vertex cover problem is a graph protection problem which is a dynamic two player game variant of the classical vertex cover problem. In this game, the minimum number of guards required to protect a graph $G$ is called the eternal vertex cover number of $G$, denoted by $evc(G)$. It is known that for any graph $G$, $\ mvc(G) \le evc(G) \le 2mvc(G)$, where $mvc(G)$ is the vertex cover number of $G$, and that these bounds are generally tight. However, no biconnected graph $G$ achieves $evc(G) = 2mvc(G)$ and no better lower bounds are known for them. In this work, we focus on biconnected graphs in graph families. For infinite graph families $\mathcal{F}$, consider the parameter $ρ(\mathcal{F})=\sup\{r \in \mathbb{R}:\text{ for infinitely many graphs }G \in \mathcal{F},\frac{evc(G)}{mvc(G)}\ge r\}$. No class of biconnected graphs $\mathcal{F}$ is known yet, for which $1 < ρ(\mathcal{F})<2$. In this paper, we show that when $\mathcal{F}$ is the family of Halin graphs, $\frac{7}{6} \le ρ(\mathcal{F}) \le \frac{3}{2}$. Halin graphs are $3$-connected and they have treewidth three. To show the lower bound, we construct a family of Halin graphs for which the ratio tends to $\frac{7}{6}$ with increasing graph size. For the upper bound, we give two algorithms. Our first algorithm gives a defense strategy with $\frac{3}{2} mvc(G)$ guards and serves as a $\frac{3}{2}$ factor approximation algorithm to compute the eternal vertex cover number of Halin graphs. This algorithm also gives an upper bound of $\frac{4}{3}$ for $ρ$ for several subclasses of Halin graphs. Our second algorithm attains the upper bound of $\frac{4}{3}$ for caterpillar Halin graphs. Whether computing eternal vertex cover number is NP-hard for Halin graphs remains an open problem, as is the case with treewidth two graphs.

Problem

• Eternal Vertex Cover
• Halin Graphs
• Vertex Cover Number
• Graph Protection
• Biconnected Graphs

Innovation

• Eternal Vertex Cover
• Halin Graphs
• Approximation Algorithm
• Graph Protection
• Treewidth