Characterizing In-the-Wild Personal Listening Device Use to Inform Earable Application Design

2026-07-27

AI Summary

This study addresses the gap in understanding real-world ear-worn device usage by integrating survey responses from 330 adults, multi-year Apple Health audio exposure logs from 90 participants, and psychosocial assessments. It presents the first empirical linkage between long-term passive usage data and psychological factors, revealing that ear-worn device use is highly intermittent: daily usage increased from an average of 37 minutes in 2020 to 64 minutes in 2024, yet nearly half of all days recorded no use, and high-volume listening remained rare (only 4% of weeks exceeded WHO-recommended limits). These findings establish a crucial empirical foundation for ear-worn computing and offer design implications centered on intermittent wear patterns, context-aware adaptation, and personalized auditory health interventions.

Abstract

Ear-worn devices are evolving from audio-playback tools into sensing platforms for health, interaction, and context-awareness. Yet, earable systems are typically designed and evaluated under strong assumptions about how long, how often, and in which situations people actually wear personal listening devices (PLDs). To ground these assumptions in-the-wild behavior, we combine a survey of 330 adults with multi-year, passively logged headphone audio-exposure records donated via Apple Health by 90 of them. We characterize where and when people use PLDs, how logged use has changed in recent years, and how psychological traits and social context associate with PLD usage. Our results show that logged mean daily use has increased from 37 minutes in 2020 to 64 minutes in 2024. Listening was intermittent: no listening was logged on 48% of participant-days in 2024, and sessions were fewer but longer on weekends. Sensation seeking, particularly disinhibition, showed small to medium positive associations with self-reported PLD use. Younger adults listened at higher volumes than the 25-34 group. High-volume exposure was uncommon, with only 4% of participant-weeks exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) safe-listening limits. Finally, most participants also reported avoiding PLD use in social situations. We translate these findings into implications for earable computing: realistic expectations of intermittent rather than continuous wear, contextual coverage that anticipates systematic gaps, targeted safe-listening interventions, and personalization grounded in psychosocial and demographic profiles rather than assumptions of uniform use.

Problem

• earable
• personal listening devices
• in-the-wild usage
• user behavior
• context-awareness

Innovation

• earable computing
• in-the-wild usage
• passive audio logging
• personal listening devices
• context-aware design