Technology Category
Natural Language Processing: Question AnsweringData Mining & Knowledge Management: Linked Open Data, Knowledge Graphs & KB CompletionKnowledge Representation and Reasoning: Knowledge Representation Languages
BAGEL: Benchmarking Animal Knowledge Expertise in Language Models
🤖 AI Summary
Current large language models lack a unified and comprehensive benchmark for evaluating animal-domain knowledge under closed-book conditions without external retrieval. To address this gap, this work proposes BAGEL, the first fine-grained closed-book question-answering benchmark specifically designed for animal knowledge. BAGEL integrates multi-source heterogeneous data from bioRxiv, Global Biotic Interactions, Xeno-canto, and Wikipedia, spanning dimensions such as taxonomy, morphology, habitat, and behavior. By combining manual curation with automated question generation, BAGEL enables precise analysis across knowledge categories, taxonomic groups, and data sources. This benchmark systematically reveals the strengths and limitations of language models in biodiversity-related knowledge, offering a new platform for assessing domain-specific generalization and the reliability of downstream applications.
Technology Category
Application Category
📝 Abstract
Large language models have shown strong performance on broad-domain knowledge and reasoning benchmarks, but it remains unclear how well language models handle specialized animal-related knowledge under a unified closed-book evaluation protocol. We introduce BAGEL, a benchmark for evaluating animal knowledge expertise in language models. BAGEL is constructed from diverse scientific and reference sources, including bioRxiv, Global Biotic Interactions, Xeno-canto, and Wikipedia, using a combination of curated examples and automatically generated closed-book question-answer pairs. The benchmark covers multiple aspects of animal knowledge, including taxonomy, morphology, habitat, behavior, vocalization, geographic distribution, and species interactions. By focusing on closed-book evaluation, BAGEL measures animal-related knowledge of models without external retrieval at inference time. BAGEL further supports fine-grained analysis across source domains, taxonomic groups, and knowledge categories, enabling a more precise characterization of model strengths and systematic failure modes. Our benchmark provides a new testbed for studying domain-specific knowledge generalization in language models and for improving their reliability in biodiversity-related applications.
Problem
Research questions and friction points this paper is trying to address.
animal knowledge
language models
closed-book evaluation
domain-specific knowledge
benchmarking
Innovation
Methods, ideas, or system contributions that make the work stand out.
closed-book evaluation
animal knowledge benchmark
domain-specific knowledge
fine-grained analysis
language model evaluation
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