Scaling Zero Knowledge UNSAT Verification via Normalized Chaining

2026-09-16

AI Summary

该研究通过归一化链证明技术改进了ZkUnsat协议，解决了零知识UNSAT验证中的可扩展性和内存消耗问题。

Abstract

Proofs of UNSAT are a standard primitive in formal verification and software assurance. In many real-world settings, the proof itself encodes proprietary or security-sensitive information, making public disclosure undesirable. Zero-knowledge certification of UNSAT addresses this tension: it enables a prover to convince a verifier that no satisfying assignment exists, without revealing anything about the underlying proof beyond its validity. Luo et al. recently introduced ZkUnsat, a protocol that achieves this goal by proving the validity of a weakened resolution proof in zero knowledge. ZkUnsat demonstrates the feasibility of zero-knowledge certification; however, its scalability to larger, real-world instances is constrained by substantial prover memory overhead, limiting its real-world applicability. Motivated by advances in UNSAT proof formats such as LRAT, which enable efficient plain-text verification, we present a preprocessing technique that improves the efficiency of ZkUnsat without introducing additional leakage. Our approach normalizes the proof so that each derived clause is justified by a resolution chain of fixed public length k. This eliminates chain-length leakage and reduces prover memory usage. With k = 16, our method certifies roughly 62% more instances than baseline ZkUnsat on the SAT 2002 competition benchmarks. Furthermore, for an equivalent number of certified instances, the memory footprint drops to under 25% of that required by the baseline.

Problem

• Zero-knowledge UNSAT
• Scalability
• Prover memory overhead
• Resolution proof
• LRAT

Innovation

• Normalized Chaining
• Zero-Knowledge Certification
• UNSAT Proof
• Memory Efficiency
• Proof Normalization