Competition, Collusion, and Corruption: The Spectrum of MEV Attacks on DAG-Based BFT Consensus Protocols

2026-09-17

AI Summary

本文针对DAG-based BFT共识协议中的MEV攻击问题，通过构建一个包含四个方面的攻击空间模型，并进行实验评估，揭示了不同协议设计对MEV攻击成功的影响。

Abstract

Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) protocols guarantee safety and liveness despite the malicious failure of nodes. However, they do not prevent adversarial manipulation of transaction order, where the order a proposer assigns diverges from the order in which clients submitted their transactions. Exploiting this discretion for profit is known as maximal extractable value (MEV), and it is intensified in DAG-based BFT protocols, where every replica proposes blocks concurrently rather than routing transactions through a single designated proposer each round. The proliferation of MEV attacks on DAG-based BFT protocols has made the resulting landscape difficult to navigate: attacks are reported individually, on different protocols, and under different metrics, making it unclear whether two attacks differ fundamentally or merely in how they are described. This paper closes that gap by presenting an attack space for MEV on DAG-based BFT protocols, organized around four families: the adversary, the protocol, the target, and the deployment. For each family, we identify the dimensions that shape an attack's impact. Each point in the attack space fixes one value per dimension, thereby representing a distinct, potential MEV attack, which can then be instantiated on a specific DAG-based BFT protocol. We perform a set of experiments, each isolating a single dimension where the protocol permits it, to empirically measure its effect on the success rate of MEV attacks against six production DAG-based BFT protocols. Our experimental evaluation reveals that every protocol we evaluate is vulnerable to at least a subset of the MEV attacks in this space, and that which attacks succeed is mostly dictated by the protocol's own design rather than by attacker effort.

Problem

• MEV
• DAG-based BFT protocols
• transaction order manipulation
• adversarial attacks

Innovation

• MEV
• DAG-based BFT protocols
• attack space
• adversary
• protocol design