Energy Efficiency in Microservice Architectures: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-08-04

AI Summary

This study addresses the longstanding fragmentation in microservice energy efficiency research, which has been siloed across runtime, infrastructure, and architectural layers, lacking a unified lifecycle perspective and consistent measurement methodology. Employing Kitchenham’s systematic literature review approach—augmented by searches across four major databases and snowballing techniques—the authors analyze 40 core studies to integrate multidimensional viewpoints for the first time. Their synthesis reveals an overwhelming emphasis on runtime optimizations, such as scheduling and resource management, typically relying on coarse-grained monitoring and model-based estimations, while largely neglecting energy-aware integration during architectural design and fine-grained measurement practices. The work establishes energy efficiency as a critical cross-cutting architectural attribute throughout the microservice lifecycle and underscores the urgent need for early-design support and a unified measurement framework.

Abstract

Context. Microservice architectures are widely adopted for building scalable cloud-native systems, enabling independent deployment, fine-grained service composition, and operational elasticity. Problem. Despite growing interest in sustainable software, research on energy efficiency in microservices spans operational, infrastructural, and architectural perspectives, but these are typically addressed in isolation. Existing studies focus on optimisation techniques or measurement approaches, with limited synthesis of how energy efficiency is considered, measured, and addressed at the architectural level. Goal. This study synthesises research on energy-efficient microservices by examining where energy efficiency is considered, how it is measured, and which architectural solutions have been proposed. Method. We conduct a systematic literature review following Kitchenham's guidelines, screening publications from four major digital libraries through a six-stage process with backward and forward snowballing, resulting in 40 primary studies. Results. Energy efficiency is predominantly addressed at runtime through monitoring, scheduling, and resource management, while design-time integration remains limited. Measurement practices are largely infrastructure-oriented and rely on model-based estimation and coarse-grained monitoring. Conclusion. Energy efficiency in microservices is primarily treated as an operational optimisation problem rather than a lifecycle-spanning architectural concern, highlighting the need for earlier architectural integration and improved measurement practices.

Problem

• energy efficiency
• microservice architectures
• sustainable software
• architectural concern
• systematic literature review

Innovation

• energy efficiency
• microservice architecture
• systematic literature review
• architectural design
• sustainable software