Cross-Modal Solar Image Synthesis: Adapting the Surya Foundation Model from He I 10830 {\AA} to EUV Translation and Coronal Hole Segmentation

2026-10-03

AI Summary

This study addresses the scarcity of early solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations by proposing a cross-modal generation framework based on the Surya model to translate historical helium data into EUV imagery. By employing convolutional adapters and low-rank adaptation, the method learns paired helium–EUV representations. It further integrates SPOCA supervision, dedicated decoders, and residual refinement modules to achieve full-disk image prediction and high-precision coronal hole segmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that the reconstructed images attain correlation coefficients of 0.82–0.89 across three AIA channels and a coronal hole IoU of 0.44, significantly outperforming the SOHO/EIT baseline. This approach effectively enhances the reconstruction quality of historical solar datasets, enabling more accurate retrospective analyses of solar activity and coronal structures from archival helium observations.

Abstract

The long observational record of He I 10830 {\AA} offers a means to investigate solar morphology before modern extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) imaging. We adapt the Surya solar foundation model to predict Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA) 94, 193, and 304 {\AA} images and a coronal hole (CH) probability map from full-disk helium observations. A convolutional input adapter, low-rank backbone updates, and dedicated output decoders learn from temporally paired, geometrically registered observations, with Spatial Possibilistic Clustering Algorithm (SPOCA) catalog polygons providing CH supervision. On observations held out from downstream fine-tuning, the selected dedicated models achieve disk-restricted correlation coefficients (CCs) of 0.8196, 0.8885, and 0.8398 for the three AIA channels, respectively; the CH model achieves an intersection over union (IoU) of 0.4360. The predictions recover broad solar structure, although local agreement varies substantially by channel. An optional residual refiner addresses spatial detail, and its application on pre-SDO dates improves the correlation of synthetic AIA 304 with Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SOHO/EIT) 304 references from 0.6511 to 0.7085. Together, these results support the feasibility of helium-conditioned EUV morphological proxies and motivate their use in historical reconstruction, within the scope of the downstream test and cross-instrument evaluation.

Problem

• Cross-Modal Solar Image Synthesis
• Extreme-Ultraviolet Translation
• Coronal Hole Segmentation
• Solar Foundation Model
• Historical Reconstruction

Innovation

• Cross-Modal Image Synthesis
• Foundation Model Adaptation
• Low-Rank Backbone Updates
• Coronal Hole Segmentation
• Residual Refiner