🤖 AI Summary
This study investigates the efficacy of critical slowing down (CSD) signals for early warning of road icing under rapid external forcing. Utilizing one-minute high-frequency road measurement data from South Korea, we conduct multi-station validation through variance and lag-1 autocorrelation analyses alongside ROC evaluation. We provide the first empirical evidence that conventional CSD indicators fail to reliably detect icing precursors in environmental transitions dominated by external forcing. Accordingly, we propose a novel early warning framework integrating recent meteorological forcing with cumulative conditions. Results demonstrate that incorporating extended meteorological fields improves the AUC by 0.032 and reduces false alarm rates by over 62% within 3- to 6-hour prediction windows. This work effectively redefines the focal points of early warning systems for such rapidly forced scenarios.
📝 Abstract
Critical slowing down (CSD), the slowing of recovery from perturbations as a system approaches a critical transition, is widely used for early warning, but whether such signals appear in environmental transitions subject to rapidly changing external forcing has rarely been tested with observations. Here we show, using 2,427 icing-onset events in 1-min observations from 121 South Korean road weather stations, that such signals do not consistently precede road icing. Icing began from different prior surface states, but conditions at onset varied continuously with weak separation among pathways. Cold dose, deposition dose and freeze-thaw accumulation at onset exceeded those at non-icing control times, with cold-dose discrimination highest at decay timescales of 30 min or less. However, the increases in variance and lag-1 autocorrelation expected under CSD did not distinguish icing from control times; the same procedure recovered these increases in synthetic series with a declining recovery rate, and the null result was replicated for 3,091 events at 127 independent stations. Predictive information was nevertheless present: adding recent changes and cumulative antecedent conditions to current conditions improved discrimination, and surrounding meteorological fields increased the area under the ROC curve by 0.030-0.032 for forecast windows of 1 to 12 h and reduced false alarms by 62-67% at 3 and 6 h. These results suggest that road icing is more consistent with recent meteorological forcing moving the road surface into icing-favourable conditions than with a progressive decline in internal stability, and they indicate where early warning should look when a transition is externally forced.