Adaptation and Validation of the Turkish Version of the Large Language Model Dependency Scale (LLM-D12)

2026-03-27

AI Summary

This study addresses the lack of validated instruments for assessing large language model (LLM) dependency among Turkish-speaking users by translating and culturally adapting the two-dimensional LLM Dependency Scale (LLM-D12) into Turkish. Through a rigorous process involving forward–backward translation, expert review, and psychometric validation—including confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and test–retest reliability assessments, and external validity testing—an 11-item scale was developed. The resulting instrument demonstrates excellent model fit (CFI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.073) and robust reliability and validity. This work provides the first empirically validated tool for measuring LLM dependency in Turkish populations and suggests that such dependency is more likely driven by strategic cognitive offloading rather than cognitive avoidance.

Technology Category

• Machine Learning: Large Multimodal Models (LMMs)
• Natural Language Processing: (Large) Language Models
• Cognitive Modeling & Cognitive Systems: Affective Computing

Application Category

• User Modeling, Personalization and Recommendation: Large Language Models (LLM) for user modeling and recommendation
• Semantics and Knowledge: Data modeling to support human-machine intelligence, including LLMs agents, intelligent system behavior, explanations, and user-friendly interactions
• Economics, Online Markets and Human Computation: Cost models of using LLMs in production systems

Abstract

This study aimed to adapt the Dual-Dimensional Scale of Instrumental and Relational Dependencies on Large Language Models (LLM-D12) into Turkish and evaluate its psychometric properties among regular LLM users. A sample of 387 participants (68.5% female; mean age = 25.22 +/- 7.13) completed the translated scale, which underwent cultural-linguistic validation through forward-backward translation and expert review. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure after removing one item, with strong model fit (CFI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.073). Internal consistency was high across both subscales: Cronbach's alpha = 0.831 (instrumental), 0.876 (relational), and 0.868 (total); McDonald's omega = 0.834, 0.880, and 0.900, respectively. Test-retest reliability and item monotonicity were satisfactory. External validity was demonstrated via significant associations with ATAI, IA, and PTLLM scores. Interestingly, the lack of association with need for cognition (NFC) suggests that LLM dependency may reflect strategic cognitive offloading rather than cognitive avoidance. The Turkish version of the LLM-D12 is a valid and reliable 11-item tool for assessing both instrumental and relational dependencies on LLMs.

Problem

• Large Language Model Dependency
• Psychometric Validation
• Cross-cultural Adaptation
• Instrumental Dependency
• Relational Dependency

Innovation

• cross-cultural adaptation
• psychometric validation
• large language model dependency
• confirmatory factor analysis
• cognitive offloading