USAM: A Unified Safety-Age metric for Timeliness in Heterogeneous IoT Systems

2026-03-27

AI Summary

Traditional information freshness metrics fail to capture the deterministic timing guarantees required for functional safety in heterogeneous IoT systems, leading to blind spots in safety assessment. To address this limitation, this work proposes a Unified Safety-Age Metric (USAM), which, for the first time, integrates information freshness, deadline reliability, and deterministic response time into a single architecture-aware timeliness measure. Leveraging an intermittent gateway readiness model and combining queueing theory with stochastic analysis, the study reveals that under ultra-sparse traffic conditions, system feasibility is predominantly governed by the receiver’s duty cycle. Experimental results demonstrate that USAM accurately characterizes the feasibility boundaries of heterogeneous traffic, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for safety-aware IoT communication architectures.

Abstract

Massive Internet-of-Things (IoT) deployments must simultaneously support monitoring, control, and safety-critical communication over shared wireless infrastructure. Classical timeliness metrics, such as Age of Information and its variants, quantify the freshness of received updates but do not account for deterministic safety timing requirements that arise in cyber-physical systems. Consequently, freshness-oriented metrics may indicate satisfactory performance even when worst-case timing guarantees required by functional safety standards are violated. This paper introduces the Unified Safety--Age Metric (USAM), a safety-aware timeliness metric that integrates information freshness, deadline reliability, and deterministic response-time feasibility into a single architecture-aware performance measure. We consider heterogeneous IoT traffic served by a gateway with intermittent receiver readiness and analyze system behavior in the ultra-sparse regime typical of massive machine-type communications. The analysis shows that, as device activity decreases, queueing delays become negligible and system timeliness becomes dominated by infrastructure readiness and deterministic response-time constraints. In this regime, feasibility is determined primarily by the receiver duty cycle rather than by average traffic load. Numerical results illustrate the safety-blindness of classical freshness metrics and demonstrate that USAM explicitly captures the feasibility boundary imposed by heterogeneous traffic requirements. The proposed framework provides a foundation for analyzing safety-aware communication architectures in large-scale IoT systems.

Problem

• timeliness
• safety-critical communication
• Age of Information
• deterministic timing
• heterogeneous IoT

Innovation

• Unified Safety-Age Metric
• timeliness
• functional safety
• heterogeneous IoT
• deterministic response-time