GSBF: Gaussian Splatting for Environment-Aware Beamforming

2026-08-06

AI Summary

This work addresses the high pilot overhead and computational complexity of conventional beamforming, which relies on instantaneous channel state information (CSI) and iterative optimization. To overcome these limitations, the study introduces 3D Gaussian splatting into wireless communications for the first time, establishing a persistent multimodal environmental representation. It proposes a reciprocity-preserving bidirectional spherical Gaussian kernel to model scattering responses and integrates dual-sided electromagnetic rasterization to generate angular propagation maps. Leveraging an overcomplete array manifold dictionary, the method directly synthesizes constant-modulus beams without requiring online CSI. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly reduces latency and signaling overhead while outperforming baseline schemes such as exhaustive beam alignment.

Abstract

Beamforming plays a key role in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. However, conventional beamforming design normally requires accurate instantaneous channel state information (CSI) and iterative optimization, which incur substantial pilot overhead and computational complexity. Recognizing that radio propagation is intrinsically governed by the physical geometry, we develop a 3D Gaussian splatting for environment-aware beamforming (GSBF) pipeline based on multi-modal data, which characterizes the environment through a persistent 3D Gaussian representation. Specifically, GSBF models the environmental scattering response with reciprocity-preserving bidirectional spherical Gaussian (Bi-SG) kernels and performs two-sided electromagnetic rasterization to render an angular propagator map. The rendered map is then aggregated through an over-complete array-manifold dictionary and projected to the constant-modulus beamformers, thereby synthesizing beams directly from the access point (AP) pose and user position without online instantaneous CSI. Simulations demonstrate that GSBF consistently outperforms baselines such as exhaustive beam alignment (EBA) with lower latency.

Problem

• beamforming
• channel state information
• computational complexity
• pilot overhead
• MIMO

Innovation

• Gaussian splatting
• environment-aware beamforming
• bidirectional spherical Gaussian kernels
• angular propagator map
• constant-modulus beamformers