PAM-ToD: Plug-and-Play Appearance Modeling for Cross-Time-of-Day 3D Gaussian Splatting
This study addresses the challenge of adapting pre-trained 3D Gaussian Splatting models to cross-temporal scenes, where maintaining appearance consistency and real-time rendering with limited anchor images remains difficult. To overcome this, the authors propose a lightweight, plug-and-play module that decouples illumination and brightness variations through color scaling and additive terms. By leveraging a simplified imaging model to eliminate albedo dependency and introducing spatial smoothness constraints to guide few-shot learning, the method achieves cross-temporal appearance correction without fixed parameters. Furthermore, this work establishes the CARLA-ToD benchmark dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that, using only single-temporal multi-view anchor images, the proposed approach significantly outperforms baselines in PSNR and LPIPS across both static and dynamic scenes, enabling high-quality, real-time cross-temporal novel view synthesis.