A Cascaded Unsupervised-Supervised NLP Pipeline for Detecting Accusatory Language in Public Procurement
This study addresses the underutilization of stakeholder comments and government open data in public procurement, which hinders timely detection of procedural violations. To overcome this challenge, the authors propose a lightweight, domain-adapted cascaded unsupervised–supervised NLP framework. The approach first employs domain-finetuned Word2Vec embeddings combined with Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering to uncover latent anomalous patterns; it then applies a Random Forest classifier to identify comments with accusatory intent. Despite severe class imbalance, the method achieves high precision and recall without requiring extensive computational resources, enabling effective identification of procurement risks and significantly enhancing regulatory transparency.