accessibility engineering

Digital accessibility remains a critical barrier to achieving inclusivity and equity. This study employs a mixed-methods approach—comprising a large-scale survey and qualitative analysis—targeting 160 professional accessibility practitioners, and systematically examines organizational commitment, implementation challenges, and current technical training practices against WCAG standards. Diverging from prior developer-centric research, this work uniquely foregrounds the perspectives of accessibility professionals to uncover structural bottlenecks: only 4.1% of mainstream websites achieve full WCAG compliance, with negligible improvement over five years—revealing dual constraints of weak organizational commitment and insufficient professional capacity. The study identifies three core barriers: attitudinal inertia, resource misallocation, and misalignment between training and practice. Findings provide empirically grounded insights and actionable recommendations for policymakers and organizations seeking to strengthen accessibility governance and workforce capability.

This study addresses pervasive accessibility and usability deficiencies in both governmental and non-governmental websites in Bangladesh, which hinder equitable access to essential public services for persons with disabilities and diverse users. For the first time in the country, it systematically evaluates these websites through an integrated approach combining automated conformance checks against WCAG 2.2 standards and large-scale user testing across 212 sites and 103 participants, focusing on navigation, interaction, readability, and authentication mechanisms. Findings reveal that while non-governmental websites generally exhibit better usability, neither sector provides consistent accessibility support. The research underscores a significant digital inclusion gap and proposes actionable strategies—including regular accessibility audits, user-centered design practices, and targeted policy interventions—to advance digital equity in Bangladesh, offering both empirical evidence and practical guidance for stakeholders.

Current web accessibility standards predominantly rely on static conformance checking, neglecting the personalized cognitive and perceptual needs of neurodiverse users. Method: This study proposes a user-centered paradigm centered on autonomy, introducing the novel “Comfort Mode” adaptive framework—supporting individualized adjustments to contrast, typography, motion, and zoom—while preserving brand visual coherence and psychological appropriateness. Technically, it integrates cognitive psychology and inclusive design principles via frontend dynamic configuration, CSS custom properties, and responsive UI architecture, offering both minimal-viable and highly extensible implementation models. Contribution/Results: Empirical validation demonstrates low-cost, high-compatibility progressive integration; user-driven customization significantly improves usability and satisfaction without compromising the experience of non-target users or brand expression.

Existing software accessibility evaluation methods are overly generic, failing to accommodate the heterogeneous interaction needs of users with diverse abilities—particularly those with visual impairments. Moreover, established standards such as ISO/IEC 25023 and WCAG lack operational specificity for user-category–driven assessment. Method: This study proposes a user-category–oriented accessibility measurement model that refines the “accessibility” quality characteristic into fine-grained sub-characteristics. Integrating classification modeling and mathematical analysis, the framework ensures quantifiable metrics, context-adaptive evaluation scenarios, and empirically verifiable outcomes. Contribution/Results: The model yields a theoretically rigorous yet engineering-practical, tiered evaluation framework. Empirically validated on the homepage of the V. Stefanyk National University of Lviv (Ukraine), it identified critical accessibility barriers and generated tailored remediation strategies, significantly enhancing web accessibility for visually impaired users. This work establishes a novel paradigm for inclusive digital service evaluation.

Digital health services face significant accessibility barriers for users with auditory, visual, cognitive, and motor impairments. Method: This study proposes a cross-modal accessibility design paradigm integrating WCAG/ADA compliance frameworks with AI-powered voice interaction, haptic feedback, and adaptive UIs—applied across digital pharmacies, telemedicine platforms, and wearable health devices. It innovatively combines multimodal AI (speech recognition, natural language understanding), a dynamic accessibility adaptation engine, and web-based automated accessibility auditing tools to enable real-time, personalized interface adaptation. Contribution/Results: Empirical evaluation demonstrates a 68% increase in task completion rates and a 52% reduction in error rates among users with disabilities. The work yields 12 reusable, scenario-specific accessibility implementation guidelines and has directly informed the adoption of three industry standards. Collectively, it establishes a policy–technology–service co-design framework to advance inclusive digital health ecosystems.

本文提出一个结合共享浏览器工具与特定标准工作代理的框架，实现WCAG 2.1和2.2部分标准的自动化网页可访问性评估，以提高准确性和证据收集。

研究通过遵循WCAG指南并结合用户需求和技术限制，迭代改进了犹他州废水监测系统的仪表板设计，以提高其在桌面和移动设备上的可访问性和可用性。

This study addresses the widespread lack of accessibility in AI-generated educational materials and the inadequacy of existing evaluation methods, which often overlook issues of informational and visual overload. To bridge this gap, the authors propose the first reproducible evaluation protocol that explicitly incorporates content overload considerations, integrating WCAG standards with multimodal human-in-the-loop heuristic validation. The framework introduces controllable prompt engineering and a persistent accessibility configuration mechanism. Preliminary experiments conducted within the newly developed open evaluation framework demonstrate that, on a single model, explicitly prompting for WCAG compliance increases average accessibility conformance from 24.2% to 96.7%, underscoring the critical role of prompt design in enhancing accessibility outcomes.

This study addresses the limited understanding of how accessibility practices influence collaboration—specifically productivity, engagement, and cohesion—in virtual hybrid-capable teams. Through semi-structured interviews with 18 team members and qualitative analysis, the research reveals that accessibility practices not only facilitate access but also serve as a foundational element for effective collaboration by shaping task coordination, relational maintenance, and responsibility allocation. Findings indicate that such practices significantly enhance team coordination and cohesion, while simultaneously introducing a novel tension between empathy and accountability. Building on these insights, the paper proposes a new perspective that deeply integrates accessibility into the design of virtual collaboration tools and offers concrete recommendations for team-level implementation.

This study addresses the prevalent tendency of organizations to treat accessibility as a compliance burden rather than an opportunity for innovation, resulting in digital products that lack genuine inclusivity. By analyzing 14 large language model–driven accessibility project proposals and conducting focus group discussions with nine participants, the research proposes and validates a disability-led participatory development model. Findings demonstrate that this approach effectively shifts accessibility from passive compliance toward proactive innovation, embedding inclusive design not merely as an add-on but as an integral component of core product development processes. Consequently, accessibility becomes a catalyst for both technological excellence and transformative organizational culture change.