integrate blockchain systems

This study addresses the challenge faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in integrating their existing systems with permissioned blockchains for food traceability, a process often hindered by limited technical resources, high costs, and system complexity. To overcome these barriers, this work proposes a lightweight, modular adapter architecture comprising five core components: data extraction (supporting both API calls and file uploads), standardized data transformation, an asynchronous message middleware, blockchain transaction submission, and runtime monitoring. This design enables seamless interoperability between enterprise systems and blockchain networks while significantly lowering the adoption barrier. The architecture demonstrates robustness under poor connectivity and high load conditions. Its effectiveness is validated through a real-world pilot involving three participants in a fruit supply chain, confirming its capability for unobtrusive integration and reliable support of on-chain–off-chain interoperability.

This study addresses the critical challenge of information silos among blockchains, which severely hinders complex applications and data interoperability. Through a systematic investigation of blockchain interoperability, the work synthesizes an in-depth analysis of existing cross-chain frameworks, examines representative case studies, and conducts comparative technical evaluations to uncover the fundamental mechanisms enabling collaboration among heterogeneous blockchains. The research clarifies the pivotal role of interoperability within multi-chain ecosystems, identifies prevailing technical bottlenecks, and outlines key challenges for future development. By doing so, it provides both theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the design and standardization of cross-chain protocols.

This study addresses a critical gap in blockchain research, which has predominantly focused on on-chain transactions while neglecting the comprehensive lifecycle management of cryptographic assets. For the first time, the paper introduces the ISO 15489-1:2016 records management standard into the blockchain domain, leveraging records lifecycle theory to propose a seven-stage data lifecycle framework spanning from creation to disposition. The applicability of this model is demonstrated through case studies involving Bitcoin, fungible tokens, and non-fungible tokens. By elucidating the inherent characteristics of blockchain as a records management system, the framework clarifies the boundaries between on-chain and off-chain data and examines how privacy-enhancing technologies affect lifecycle visibility. This structured perspective offers valuable insights for the governance of crypto-assets, regulatory compliance, and forensic investigations.

This study addresses the inefficiencies in communication and ecosystem fragmentation in on-chain finance caused by the lack of cross-chain interoperability. It systematically analyzes the design mechanisms, consensus models, and financial use cases of prominent cross-chain protocols—including LayerZero, Wormhole, Connext, and Chainlink CCIP—and proposes a novel interoperability evaluation framework tailored specifically for on-chain finance. By integrating protocol comparison, network metrics, and empirical assessment methods, the work constructs a statistical model that reveals critical differences among these solutions in terms of security, efficiency, and applicability. The research establishes a unified analytical framework, provides theoretical foundations, and delivers practical tools to support the development and deployment of cross-chain financial applications.

To address the challenges of trustworthy data sharing and governance in multi-stakeholder collaboration, this paper proposes a blockchain-empowered hierarchical information system architecture, introducing the novel “consensus-contract-provenance” tripartite coordination mechanism and supporting lightweight, dynamically scalable consortium blockchains. Methodologically, it integrates smart contracts, zero-knowledge proofs, decentralized identifiers (DIDs), and microservice-based information middleware to decouple business logic from data storage, enabling verifiable, auditable, and tamper-proof cross-domain interactions. In governmental and healthcare pilot deployments, data reconciliation time decreased by 76%, and cross-institutional audit efficiency improved by 3.2×; the system supports elastic scaling to tens of thousands of nodes. This work overcomes the trust bottleneck inherent in centralized governance models and establishes a reusable technical paradigm for information ecosystem governance in multi-organizational collaboration scenarios.

This study addresses the technical auditing challenges posed by blockchain assets and custody mechanisms, which disrupt traditional financial audit paradigms—particularly concerning asset existence, ownership verification, valuation, and internal control validation. For the first time, autoethnography is introduced into blockchain auditing, drawing on the author’s multifaceted experience as a blockchain engineer, smart contract auditor, and CTO of a crypto-asset firm to uncover nuanced technical details inaccessible to external observers. Focusing on representative scenarios such as airdropped tokens, multi-signature smart contracts, and real-time on-chain reporting, the work constructs an audit analysis framework tailored to emerging on-chain practices and proposes reusable, experimental audit pathways that effectively tackle challenges currently deemed technically insurmountable.

This study addresses the lack of systematic cross-platform empirical evaluation of decentralized identifiers (DIDs) based on distributed ledgers with respect to latency, cost, and privacy. A unified experimental framework is constructed using official SDKs from Ethereum, Hedera, and the XRP Ledger to benchmark three mainstream DID schemes. The work innovatively introduces a metadata leakage score (MLS), grounded in information entropy, to quantify privacy risks, and performs normalized analyses of latency and cost by incorporating consensus intervals and native transaction fees. Results demonstrate that Hedera achieves the best overall performance across all three metrics; XRPL exhibits stable latency but higher privacy leakage; Ethereum enables efficient off-chain DID creation yet incurs substantial on-chain operation costs. These findings provide empirical guidance for selecting appropriate DID systems in practice.

Traditional blockchain architectures struggle to meet the stringent requirements of real-time Internet of Things (IoT) applications in terms of throughput, latency, and energy efficiency. This work systematically reviews and structurally integrates multidimensional scalability approaches—including Layer 1/2 scaling solutions, sharding, edge computing integration, and hybrid consensus mechanisms—and proposes an adaptive architecture tailored for low-latency IoT environments, guided by real-time quality-of-service metrics. The study delineates the trade-offs among scalability, security, and privacy inherent in these techniques, identifies critical challenges such as interoperability and sustainable deployment, and prospectively explores emerging directions including AI-driven consensus and quantum-safe cryptography, thereby offering a theoretical foundation for building efficient and secure blockchain-enabled IoT systems.

研究通过调整测量规格（如持有者群体、地址类型等）来探讨区块链集中度的衡量问题，指出不同方法得出的结果差异显著，并建议报告集中度时应提供范围而非单一值。

Cross-blockchain transactions suffer from insufficient auditability and non-repudiation, rendering them vulnerable to malicious denial or fraudulent accountability. This paper proposes InterSnap, a secure interoperability framework leveraging cross-chain transaction receipts and on-demand distributed ledger snapshots. InterSnap innovatively binds cryptographic receipts with lightweight, dynamically generated ledger snapshots, immutably preserving evidence via decentralized storage. Snapshots are generated on demand and transmitted with low overhead, balancing security and efficiency. Evaluated on Hyperledger Fabric, the prototype demonstrates that InterSnap enables complete recovery of cross-chain credentials following adversarial attacks, supports high-concurrency workloads and cross-cloud deployments, and significantly enhances verifiability, non-repudiation, and system resilience in heterogeneous blockchain interactions.